2  Terrestrial Ecosystems of Colombia

The Colombia ecosystem typology includes 161 ecosystem types across 21 biomes (Table 2.1). The ecosystem typology is consistent with the IUCN global ecosystem typology (Keith et al. 2020) to support crosswalks and comparisons with Red Lists of ecosystems in other countries and regions. The Colombia ecosystem typology has a hierarchical structure, where each ecosystem type is assigned to a realm, biome and functional group (ecotype). Realm refers to one of the four component media in the biosphere (Figure 2.1), biome is the segment of the biosphere united by major functional traits and macro-environmental features (Figure 2.2), and functional group is a group of related ecosystems within a biome (Figure 2.3). The distribution of Colombia’s ecosystem types is shown in Figure 2.4, and map data is made publicly available (reference?).

Table 2.1: List of the terrestrial ecosystems of Colombia developed in this project.

Glob_Typol	COD	ECO_NAME
REALM: Terrestre (T)
Bioma de bosques tropicales y subtropicales (T1)
Bosques lluviosos tropicales y subtropicales de tierras bajas (T1.1)
T1.1_Apure_Vill f_B1b	B1b	Apure-Villavicencio dry forests
T1.1_Caq mf_B1a	B1a	Caqueta moist forests
T1.1_Caq mf_B2a1	B2a1	Caqueta moist forests
T1.1_Caq mf_B3a1	B3a1	Caqueta moist forests
T1.1_GuaiPiedm f_B4a	B4a	Guaianan piedmont forestsi
T1.1_GuaiPiedm f_B6	B6	Guaianan piedmont forestsi
T1.1_Jap-So-Ne mf_B4b	B4b	Japurá-Solimões-Negro moist forests
T1.1_Jap-So-Ne mf_B4c	B4c	Japurá-Solimões-Negro moist forests
T1.1_Jap-So-Ne mf_B4d	B4d	Japurá-Solimões-Negro moist forests
T1.1_Llanos_B5	B5	Llanos
T1.1_SolJapura mf_B1a	B1a	Solimões-Japurá moist forests
T1.1_ChoDar_mf_B2c	B2c	Chocó-Darién moist forests
T1.1_ChoDar_mf_B3c	B3c	Chocó-Darién moist forests
T1.1_Mag-Urab mf_B1c	B1c	Magdalena-Urabá moist forests
T1.1_Mag-Urab mf_B2b	B2b	Magdalena-Urabá moist forests
T1.1_Napo mf_B1a	B1a	Napo moist forests
T1.1_Napo mf_B2a1	B2a1	Napo moist forests
T1.1_Napo mf_B3a1	B3a1	Napo moist forests
T1.1_SolJapura mf_B2a2	B2a2	Solimões-Japurá moist forests
T1.1_WEcua mf_B2c	B2c	Western Ecuador moist forests
T1.1_WEcua mf_B3c	B3c	Western Ecuador moist forests
T1.1_Catatum mf_B1d	B1d	Catatumbo moist forests
T1.1_Catatum mf_B2d	B2d	Catatumbo moist forests
T1.1_ChoDar_mf_B7	B7	Chocó-Darién moist forests
T1.1_Mag-Urab mf_B8	B8	Magdalena-Urabá moist forests
T1.1_Mag-Urab mf_B9	B9	Magdalena-Urabá moist forests
T1.1_SolJapura mf_B3a2	B3a2	Solimões-Japurá moist forests
Bosques y matorrales secos tropicales/subtropicales (T1.2)
T1.2_Cauca Val df_B12	B12	Cauca Valley dry forests
T1.2_Cauca Val df_B10	B10	Cauca Valley dry forests
T1.2_Cauca Val df_B11	B11	Cauca Valley dry forests
T1.2_Cauca Val df_B23	B23	Cauca Valley dry forests
T1.2_ChV df_B23	B23	Chicamocha Valley dry forests
T1.2_CordOri mf_B23	B23	Cordillera Oriental montane forests
T1.2_Magd Val df_B12	B12	Magdalena Valley dry forests
T1.2_Magd Val df_B10	B10	Magdalena Valley dry forests
T1.2_Magd Val df_B11	B11	Magdalena Valley dry forests
T1.2_Magd Val df_B23	B23	Magdalena Valley dry forests
T1.2_Pat Dag df_A5	A5	Patìa-Dagua dry forests
T1.2_Pat Dag df_B12	B12	Patìa-Dagua dry forests
T1.2_Pat Dag df_B10	B10	Patìa-Dagua dry forests
T1.2_Pat Dag df_B11	B11	Patìa-Dagua dry forests
T1.2_Pat Dag df_B23	B23	Patìa-Dagua dry forests
T1.2_Sinú Valley df_B12	B12	Sinú Valley dry forests
T1.2a_Magd Val mf_A6	A6	Magdalena Valley montane forests
T1.2_CatOcañ df_B12	B12	Catatumbo Ocaña dry forests
T1.2_CatOcañ df_B10	B10	Catatumbo Ocaña dry forests
T1.2_CatOcañ df_B23	B23	Catatumbo Ocaña dry forests
T1.2_ChV df_A5	A5	Chicamocha Valley dry forests
T1.2_Sinú Valley df_B10	B10	Sinú Valley dry forests
T1.2_Sinú Valley df_B11	B11	Sinú Valley dry forests
T1.2_Sinú Valley df_B23	B23	Sinú Valley dry forests
T1.2_Guaj-Barr xs_B10	B10	Guajira-Barranquilla xeric scrub
T1.2_Guaj-Barr xs_B11	B11	Guajira-Barranquilla xeric scrub
T1.2_Guaj-Barr xs_B12	B12	Guajira-Barranquilla xeric scrub
T1.2_Guaj-Barr xs_B13	B13	Guajira-Barranquilla xeric scrub
Bosques lluviosos montanos tropicales/subtropicales (T1.3)
T1.3_CordOri mf_B19a	B19a	Cordillera Oriental montane forests
T1.3_CordOri mf_B19b	B19b	Cordillera Oriental montane forests
T1.3_CordOri mf_B20a	B20a	Cordillera Oriental montane forests
T1.3_CordOri mf_B20b	B20b	Cordillera Oriental montane forests
T1.3_Cauca V mf_B20a	B20a	Cauca Valley montane forests
T1.3_Cauca V mf_B20b	B20b	Cauca Valley montane forests
T1.3_Cauca V mf_B21a	B21a	Cauca Valley montane forests
T1.3_Cauca V mf_B21b	B21b	Cauca Valley montane forests
T1.3_Cauca V mf_B21d	B21d	Cauca Valley montane forests
T1.3_CordOri mf_B21a	B21a	Cordillera Oriental montane forests
T1.3_CordOri mf_B21b	B21b	Cordillera Oriental montane forests
T1.3_CordOri mf_B21c	B21c	Cordillera Oriental montane forests
T1.3_CordOri mf_B21d	B21d	Cordillera Oriental montane forests
T1.3_EastCR mf_B19a	B19a	Eastern Cordillera Real montane forests
T1.3_EastCR mf_B20a	B20a	Eastern Cordillera Real montane forests
T1.3_EastCR mf_B21a	B21a	Eastern Cordillera Real montane forests
T1.3_EastCR mf_B21b	B21b	Eastern Cordillera Real montane forests
T1.3_EastCR mf_B22	B22	Eastern Cordillera Real montane forests
T1.3_Macarena mf_B17	B17	Macarena montane forests
T1.3_Macarena mf_B18	B18	Macarena montane forests
T1.3_Macarena mf_B16	B16	Macarena montane forests
T1.3_Magd Val mf_B19b	B19b	Magdalena Valley montane forests
T1.3_Magd Val mf_B20a	B20a	Magdalena Valley montane forests
T1.3_Magd Val mf_B20b	B20b	Magdalena Valley montane forests
T1.3_Magd Val mf_B21a	B21a	Magdalena Valley montane forests
T1.3_Magd Val mf_B21b	B21b	Magdalena Valley montane forests
T1.3_Magd Val mf_B21c	B21c	Magdalena Valley montane forests
T1.3_Magd Val mf_B22	B22	Magdalena Valley montane forests
T1.3_Magd Val mf_B21d	B21d	Magdalena Valley montane forests
T1.3_NW And mf_B19a	B19a	Northwest Andean montane forests
T1.3_NW And mf_B19b	B19b	Northwest Andean montane forests
T1.3_NW And mf_B20a	B20a	Northwest Andean montane forests
T1.3_NW And mf_B20b	B20b	Northwest Andean montane forests
T1.3_NW And mf_B21a	B21a	Northwest Andean montane forests
T1.3_NW And mf_B21b	B21b	Northwest Andean montane forests
T1.3_NW And mf_B21c	B21c	Northwest Andean montane forests
T1.3_Catatum mf_B19b	B19b	Catatumbo moist forests
T1.3_Catatum mf_B20b	B20b	Catatumbo moist forests
T1.3_Cauca V mf_B19a	B19a	Cauca Valley montane forests
T1.3_Magd Val mf_B19a	B19a	Magdalena Valley montane forests
T1.3_NW And mf_B21d	B21d	Northwest Andean montane forests
T1.3_S Mart mf_B19b	B19b	Santa Marta montane forests
T1.3_S Mart mf_B20b	B20b	Santa Marta montane forests
T1.3_S Mart mf_B21b	B21b	Santa Marta montane forests
Bosques tropicales esclerofilos sobre arenas blancas (T1.4)
T1.4_Jap-So-Ne mf_B14	B14	Japurá-Solimões-Negro moist forests
T1.4_Neg Branc mf_B15	B15	Negro-Branco moist forests
T1.4a_Negro camp_S1	S1	Rio Negro Campinas
Bioma de arbustales y matorrales (T3)
Matorrales tropicales estacionalmente secos (T3.1)
T3.1_Pantepui_A4	A4	Pantepui
T3.1_Pantepui_S2	S2	Pantepui
Bioma de sabanas y pastizales (T4)
Sabanas de pastos piricos (T4.2)
T4.2_Llanos_S3	S3	Llanos
T4.2_Llanos_S4	S4	Llanos
T4.2_Llanos_S5	S5	Llanos
T4.2_Llanos_S6	S6	Llanos
T4.2a_Llanos_S10	S10	Llanos
T4.2a_Llanos_S9	S9	Llanos
T4.2_ChV df_S16	S16	Chicamocha Valley dry forests
T4.2_Mag-Urab mf_S11	S11	Magdalena-Urabá moist forests
T4.2b_Sinú Valley df_S12	S12	Sinú Valley dry forests
T4.2_LLanos_S5	S5	Llanos
T4.2_Llanos_S7	S7	Llanos
T4.2_Llanos_S8	S8	Llanos
Bioma de desiertos y semidesiertos (T5)
Desiertos y semidesiertos suculentos o espinosos (T5.2)
T5.2_Magd Val df_A2	A2	Magdalena Valley dry forests
T5.2_Guaj-Barr xs_A1	A1	Guajira-Barranquilla xeric scrub
T5.2_Guaj-Barr xs_A3	A3	Guajira-Barranquilla xeric scrub
Bioma polar/alpino (criogenico) (T6)
Pastizales y herbazales de altas montanas tropicales (T6.5)
T6.5_N And par_N	N	Northern Andean Paramo
T6.5_N And par_S13	S13	Northern Andean Paramo
T6.5_N And par_S14	S14	Northern Andean Paramo
T6.5_N And par_S15	S15	Northern Andean Paramo
T6.5_SM Paramo_N	N	Santa Marta Paramo
T6.5_SM Paramo_S14	S14	Santa Marta Paramo
REALM: Agua dulce (F)
Bioma de rios y arroyos (F1)
Rios permanentes de tierras altas (F1.1)
F1.1_Indef_Agua	Agua	INDEF
F1.1_Cauca V mf_Agua	Agua	Cauca Valley montane forests
F1.1_Mag-Urab mf_Agua	Agua	Magdalena-Urabá moist forests
F1.1_Magd Val mf_Agua	Agua	Magdalena Valley montane forests
F1.1_NW And mf_Agua	Agua	Northwest Andean montane forests
F1.1_Catatum mf_Agua	Agua	Catatumbo moist forests
Rios permanentes de tierras bajas (F1.2)
F1.2_Indef_Agua	Agua	INDEF
F1.2a_Indef_Agua	Agua	INDEF
Bioma de lagos (F2)
Grandes lagos de agua dulce permanentes (F2.1)
F2.1_Indef_Agua	Agua	INDEF
Pequenos lagos de agua dulce permanentes (F2.2)
F2.2_Indef_Agua	Agua	INDEF
Lagos de agua dulce estacionales (F2.3)
F2.3_Indef_Agua	Agua	INDEF
Bioma de humedales artificiales (F3)
Grandes embalses (F3.1)
F3.1_Indef_Agua	Agua	INDEF
REALM: Agua dulce-Marina (FM)
Bioma de aguas de transicion semiconfinadas (FM1)
Estuarios fluviales y bahias permanentemente conectados (FM1.2)
FM1.2_Indef_Agua	Agua	INDEF
REALM: Marina-Agua dulce-Terrestre (MFT)
Bioma de mareas salobres (MFT1)
Deltas fluviales costeros (MFT1.1)
MFT1.1_ChoDar_mf_B32	B32	Chocó-Darién moist forests
MFT1.1_WEcua mf_B32	B32	Western Ecuador moist forests
MFT1.1_ChoDar_mf_B31	B31	Chocó-Darién moist forests
Bosques y matorrales intermareales (MFT1.2)
MFT1.2_SAmPacif mg_B35	B35	South American Pacific mangroves
MFT1.2_AmOriSCar_mg_B36	B36	Amazon-Orinoco-Southern Caribbean mangroves
REALM: Terrestre-Agua dulce (TF)
Bioma de humedales palustres (TF1)
Bosques tropicales inundados y bosques de turba (TF1.1)
TF1.1_Am-Ori alvf_B27	B27	Amazon-Orinoco Alluvial forests
TF1.1_Am-Ori alvf_B28	B28	Amazon-Orinoco Alluvial forests
TF1.1_Am-Ori alvf_B29	B29	Amazon-Orinoco Alluvial forests
TF1.1_Am-Ori alvf_B30	B30	Amazon-Orinoco Alluvial forests
TF1.1_And alvf_B24	B24	Andean Alluvial forests
TF1.1_And alvf_B25	B25	Andean Alluvial forests
TF1.1_And alvf_B33	B33	Andean Alluvial forests
TF1.1_AndPac alvf_B26	B26	Andean Pacific Alluvial forests
TF1.1_AndPac alvf_B24	B24	Andean Pacific Alluvial forests
Pantanos permanentes (TF1.3)
TF1.3_EastCR mf_P1	P1	Eastern Cordillera Real montane forests
TF1.3_Magd Val mf_P1	P1	Magdalena Valley montane forests
TF1.3_NW And mf_P1	P1	Northwest Andean montane forests
Cienagas estacionales de llanuras de inundacion (TF1.4)
TF1.4_ChoDar_mf_P4	P4	Chocó-Darién moist forests
TF1.4_Sin-Mag w_P2	P2	Sinu-Magdalena wetlands
TF1.4_Sin-Mag w_P3	P3	Sinu-Magdalena wetlands
Llanuras de inundacion aridas episodicas (TF1.5)
TF1.5_Magd Val df_B34	B34	Magdalena Valley dry forests
TF1.5_Sinú Valley df_B34	B34	Sinú Valley dry forests
TF1.5_Guaj-Barr xs_B34	B34	Guajira-Barranquilla xeric scrub

Figure 2.1: The distribution of the realms of Colombia.

Figure 2.2: The distribution of the biomes of Colombia.

Figure 2.3: The distribution of the biomes of Colombia.

(Heat map of the distribution of natural ecosystem types not implemented yet.)

Figure 2.4

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Keith, David A, José R Ferrer-Paris, Emily Nicholson, and Richard Kingsford. 2020. IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology 2.0: Descriptive Profiles for Biomes and Ecosystem Functional Groups. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2020.13.en.